active digital system with two workstations, a Colour
Metal Offset press, silk screen printing equipment, an
Instronics digitizer and a Digitrainer (in ITC developed
digitizing training instrument).
Geology
Here the aim is to teach and train geologists in the use of
aerial photography and other remote sensing techni
ques for interpretation and mapping. Particularattention
is paid to application of photo-geology in the preparation
of geological maps in hydrogeological and engineering
studies. The exercises are divided into two parts, the
compulsery ones and these more applicable to the stu
dents needs.
The courses in photo-geology are fully integrated into
the system of postgraduate courses in mineral explora
tion and geophysics, organized by ITC in cooperation
with the Mining Department of the University of Techno
logy at Delft, The Netherlands and the Geological Depart
ment of the University of Utrecht also in The Netherlands.
Geomorphology and Geography
The main focus of interest is here the instruction in
„Applied Geomorphology". This is the study of land-
forms, including the genesis of the Earth's surface, the
processes responsible for the evolution of landforms and
their effect in other elements of natural environment
such as soils, ground- and surface water etc.
Applications of geomorphology in fields as hydrology,
the execution of engineering projects, terrain classifica
tion, erosion and conservation are studied and discussed
also. Here again the aerial photo and the other remote
sensing techniques are applied intensively.
Besides geomorphology, also geography and in particu
lar geographical landscape analysis of rural areas in the
third world is an important subject in this section.
Most of the students, very diversified as far as their
countries of origin and their professions are concerned,
are from the third world countries.
Mineral Exploration and Exploration Geophysics
This section is located in Delft in ITC's first building. Its
activities are concerned with exploration methods for
new deposits, the study of existing deposits and ground
water exploration by geophysical methods.
The study in this subject relates the geological methods
to the geochemical and geophysical techniques as well,
of course.
The society needs raw materials such as ores and water
and because in many cases these are not to be found on
the Earth's surface, in recent years an increasing amount
of money and attention has been devoted to geophysical
exploration. This to obtain an idea of the geological
structure of an area.
The students in the Delft premises of ITC have the unique
opportunity to make use of the equipment and collec
tions of the Mining Department of the University of
Technology of Delft.
Soil Survey
Soil survey is of utmost importance in the third world as
well as for the industrialized countries. The role of a good
use of the soil in agriculture is a subject quite clear to
everybody. To study for which crops the soil is most
suitable is a wide field of application and it is therefore
that we need to make soil maps. On such maps it is
indicated where the soil differs and how great the differ
ences are. Soil conservation in direct correlation with
erosion is another subject for which maps are needed.
Both aspects of the soil and the erosion are to be studied
from aerial photographs as well as the character of the
subsoil and the structure.
Apart from the aerial photographs also other remote
sensing techniques are designed to teach the principles
and techniques of aerial photointerpretation to soil
scientists and agronomists with a basic background in
soil science or soil conservation.
Soil survey courses in the four levels as well as a land
evaluation course and an erosion survey course are
given.
Forest inventory
The growth of population in the world, economic devel
opment and better education create an ever growing
need of wood and wood derivates such as pulp, paper,
wood based panels etc. These can only be satisfied by the
realization of a good and correct forest management.
This has to evaluate the best use of the forest by means of
timber exploration and the functional use of the forest for
water management and recreation. Also the prevention
of erosion and the protection of flora and fauna play an
important role of course.
Aerial photos facilitate the collection of the data needed.
Also discovery of diseases and damages, forest exploita
tion, disclosure, firefighting and recreation can be execu
ted with these photos.
The ITC forestry department offers a practical and theore
tical training in the field mentioned above. Again a uni
versity study in related subjects is indispensable to be
able to follow the technologist's the post-graduate or the
Master's courses in forestry.
Urban Survey
Here only a post-graduate and a Master's course are
given. Again the Urban Surveys course is based on aerial
photography. Applied research workisa partofthestudy
for which areas are selected in the participant's own
country.
Not only in the third world but also in the industrialized
world the aerial photo plays an important role in urban
studies. This is clear when we think of the study of loss of
energy and heat from the entire building stock of the
larger cities. Thermography using aerial photos and re
mote sensing techniques is more and more in use now.
Throughout the developing countries there is a marked
tendency for accelerated urban spread at a rate of in
crease more than any of the European countries have
seen throughout their history. Study of the quantitative
data in relation with this is necessary to be able to plan the
urban structure.
In many cases easy and cheap means to obtain data are
needed. Nowadays a first photo coverage of an area
made with the use of 35 mm cameras mounted in a light
aircraft is a technique adapted for special projects. The
emphasis of the courses lies in the collection of thematic
information. Candidates can also specialize in urban
housing problems.
Integrated Survey
This term comprehends the research and inventory of
the natural, economic and social situation of a region.
The Intergrated Survey has the task to develop a concrete
plan for the development of such a region by a team of
specialists of the various field of profession in a good
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