of the landscape to the map user. The landscape characteristics and elements which are
represented are accentuated to a certain extent, shifting the ränge of these topographic
maps towards the thematic map.
Thus, the famous Swiss topographic map at a scale of 1 25 000 approaches the
character of a relief map; and the 1 200 000 topographic map of the Republic of
Chad, that of an orohydrographic map. For certain regions of this country this
map-image is completely characteristic, for other regions, however, the legend shows
gaps, meaning an incomplete map-image representation.
In the past, insufficient representation of the topographic ränge was often
unavoidable because of the absence of sufficient terrain data. In special cases this is
still true for modern maps. Today, however, thanks to aerial photography and
intensive topographic inventorization, so much data are available, that for large parts
of the earth's surface the specific characteristics of the various landscapes can be
brought to expression on the topographic map. This, however, requires a topographic
272 K.N.A.G. Geograßxch Tijdschrift VI (1972) Nr. 3
h)<
VPll
II.
Topographical Map 1 25 000. Netherlands sheet 25 G Amsterdam (fig. 3 nr. 13) witha fairly wide
topographic ränge for ground Cover, roads; narrow topographic ränge for built-up areas. (Published
with the consent of the Topografische Dienst, Westvest 9, Delft).
