het evenwichtig indelen van de grafische ruimte en
rekening houdend met een aantal waarnemingseffekten,
moet het mogelijk zijn de tekst op kaarten zodanig te
plaatsen, dat een verhoging van de leessnelheid en
verbetering van de leesbaarheid wordt verkregen.
Wanneer dit alles goed is gelukt zal daarnaast het
werk worden beloond met die ondefinieerbare, aange-
name streling van het oog, die uitstijgt boven de
grafische waarneming, namelijk het ervaren van
Grafische Schoonheid.
Literatuur
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Karten-Studien zur Kartographie. Berlin/Grünewald,
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kaarttypografieKartografisch Tijdschrif, okt. 1976.
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Freitag, U.Semiotik und Kartographie. Kart.Nachr.
21, 1971.
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Massachusetts, 1974.
Groenendaal, M.H.Drukletters. Hun ontstaan en hun
gebruik - Culenborg, 1969.
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lichkeit-Festschrift für Georg Jensch, Berlin 1974.
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and Typographie Research. Journal of Typographie
Research, april 1967.
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matie - Kart. Tijdschrift, 1977.III.2.
Keates, J.S.Cartographic design and produetion.
London, 1973.
Klinkenberg, G. A. van: Wat kunnen wij weten; inlei-
ding tot de kennistheorie. Rotterdam, 1969.
Martin, R.The nonverbal 'Language' of typographic
layout - Austin, 1964.
Meyer, H. Kennis en realiteit. Utrecht, 1949.
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nr. 1, 1957.
Mijksenaar, P.Heeft grafische vormgeving nut?
Eindhoven, 1974.
Mühle, H.Die Berücksichtigung der Problematiek
allgemeiner Lesbarkeitsuntersuchungen als Vor
aussetzung für die Beurteilung von Schriften bei der
kartographischen Anwendung (met literatuurlijst over
onderzoek naar leesbaarheid, 662 nummers!) In:
Nachr. aus dem Karten- und Vermessungswesen
Heft 64, Frankfurt a.M.1974.
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physicsName positioning. New Zealand Cartographic
Journal, vol. 6 nr, 2, dec. 1976.
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okt. 1976.
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Summary
A. J. Karssen, Text pereeption and balanced positioning
in the graphic Space.
In graphic semiology, as introduced by prof. J. Bertin,
points ,lines and areas are seen as the implantation
forms with which a graphic representation is built up.
But text however, may be considered as the fourth
implantation, since text can be varied in the same way
as points, lines and areas, with the help of the eight
Visual variables (fig. 1).
In the Systems of semiology signs and Symbols are
distinguished. In graphic representations signs are
used with appointments about their meaning, which
make them symbols. The symbolic reference of words
might differ for each individual, but the other graphic
symbols only can be understood in one way, when the
explanation is unequivocal.
Contrary to map signs (with exaet geometrical position)
for map text the question must be answered: which
position in the graphic space achieves an optimal
graphic pereeption of text?
In order to answer this question the promotion of a
spatial balance is taken as starting-point.
The asymmetric strueture of maps should be
neutralised or softened by positioning texts in those
directions where most of the graphic space is
available. The graphic space consist of amounts of
light and dark, black and white, or colour. Placement
of text in this space is nothing eise than darkening a
place in the map. The pereeiver knows that text can
be placed on any place around a symbol and will expect
text on the lightest position. Text positioning in
balanced light-dark proportions is illustrated in
figures 10-15(b), distortion of the black-white balance
is shown in the same figures (c).
When the graphic space is limited, and other map
elements must be covered, the principles of balanced
positioning of text will be influenced by some pereep
tion effectsletters which are very near to other map
elements cause the effect of clotting together (fig. 16);
interrupted line elements are optically pereeived as
continuous, when interrupted correctly (fig. 17-19).
1978.IV.4
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