res um es
influenced the development of cartography for water manage-
ment purposes more profoundly than previously accepted.
In 1727, Cruquius managed to convince the government of the
province of Holland of the essential importance of a good map
of its water management Situation, compiled on the basis of a
systematic hydrographic survey and with functional use of
topographic data. This resulted in a beautiful map of
Goedereede, rightly considered as one of the best maps printed
in the Netherlands.
With the publication of this map in 1730, a development started
in which the provincial government began to act more em-
phatically as map producer. Increasingly, it was considered
desirable to print the maps which were used in decision making
and to add them to the printed water management resolutions.
In this way an ideal relationship was created between map and
accompanying documents. The article describes the motivations
leading up to mapping as well as the actual map production
process and it gives some insight into the role which these
resolution maps' have played in local government decision
making.
It has been generally accepted by the few historians of Dutch
water management cartography that a.fter 1750 the maps no
longer complied with the suggestions originally made by Cru
quius and not until after 1830 were his ideas revived. The
author rejects this hypothesis of Stagnation: in comparing the
contents of resolution maps it is clearly evident that topographic
detail was increasingly used in a functional manner, following
Cruquius. By representing only those details which were rele
vant in the technical context of hydraulic engineering, the maps
indeed acquired a functional and unattractive appearance, but
in no way should this be considered a qualitative decline.
F.B. van der Laan - Integration of topographic map Informa
tion and satellite data for the updating of land use
information
The potential for regulär updating of landuse information on
topographic maps using Landsat Thematic Mapper, SPOT pan-
chromatic and SPOT Multispectral imagery has been in-
vestigated. Information from topographic maps was digitally
combined with satellite imagery using raster based techniques.
The investigation was carried out in two phases. In the first
phase a produet was developed that is mainly suitable for ob-
taining a quick overview over changes in the landscape. Only
line information from the topographic map concerning roads,
naming, built-up area and water was used for this purpose.
Such elements only cover a minimum part of the image and
form a convenient geographic reference, via which the informa
tion in the satellite image can be better judged. Once the line
information of the 120 1:50,000 Scale map sheets covering The
Netherlands has been made avaitable in a suitable form, in
principle two to five times per year an updated Version of each
mapsheet can be generated. Such an image map is suitable for
manual updating of landuse changes down to a detail of 4-8 m
depending on the image type used. The image map also permits
mapping landuse types that are not indicated on a topographic
map.
In the second phase all non-linear landuse information in
dicated on a topographic map was digitized. Linear features (of
a 1:50,000 map) required scanning at a resolution of 0.1 mm
(5 m ground resolution) for a good representation. For a
good representation of the thematic information 02.-0.4 mm
(10-20 m ground resolution) was still appropriate. This resolution
corresponds to the detail shown by satellite imagery and results
in files sizes that can be easily processed. The regulär
availability of satellite imagery in principle permits continuous
updating of landuse data. Further a large variety of landuse
types can be discriminated. However the accuracy of 40-90
with which the information can be obtained is generally not suf-
ficient for operational application. Topographic information was
found to be useful as a pixel-for-pixel reference for the inter-
pretation and improvement of the results of a satellite image
Classification. By combining topographic information from 1980
with a landuse Classification from 1986 a meaningful Interpreta
tion could be given to over 97 of the area concerned. Further
a considerable number of additional classes was obtained as
well as a better understanding of the landuse dynamics in the
area. In comparison to the Classification results the reliability is
further improved because the unreliable pixels become iden-
tifiable. The results presented in this article are a prediction of
the landuse dynamics based on the map and satellite data only.
The next Step will be verification of the results using aerial
photography as soon as these will become available.
With the reliability that has been achieved with the approach
sketched it can be expected that information derived from
remote sensing sources will become of interest for Dutch
physical planning purposes.
J.C. Müller - Nouvelles tendances Revolution
de la cartographie
La cartographie est en pleine mutation. Les cartes complexes
d'hier, essentiellement descriptives, statiques et deterministi-
ques' doivent relever, actuellement, le defi des cartes d'une nou-
velle conception, extremement volatiles, limitees un sujet et
'probalistiques'.
La domaine d'aetivites de la cartographie s'etend desormais
l'image des espaces geographiques hautement abstraits. La fonc-
tion traditionnelle des cartes, savoir la conservation des don-
nees spatiales est en declin en faveur de la fonetion de
communication et de la force d'analyse. Parallelement, nous
assistons la naissance d'une cartographie 'Faites-la-vous
memes' l'aide du micro-ordinateur qui lance ainsi un defi B
l'integrite du 'metier de cartographie'. L'auteur se propose
d'investiguer l'origine de ces nouveaux developpements et
essayer d'en prevoir les implications pratiques et theoriques
pour la diseipline de cartographie.
N.J. Bakker, C.P.J.M. van Elzakker et F.J. Ormeling - Un atlas
national sous forme de Systeme d'information (NAIS)
Les derniers volumes de la 2me edition de l'atlas national des
Pays-Bas paratront en 1988. Les auteurs du present article sont
membres du comite consultatifs Charge d'examiner la possibilite
de publier une 3me edition de l'atlas. Ce comite vient de propo-
ser, dans son rapport definitif un nouveau concept d'atlas natio
nal, moins statique, plus dynamique, savoir un Systeme
d'information gere par un bureau permament de Tatlas national.
L'accent est mis ainsi non plus sur la production d'un atlas
KT 1988. XIV. 2
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