summaries
F. Depuydt - Large scale mapping and archaeology
In most cases, topographic survey activities for archaeological
purposes in areas which are large or have a pronounced relief
have a dual function:
The production of a useful and detailed topographic plan.
The aim is to enable the positioning and Interpretation of the
archaeological site in its environment. The unexcavated ter-
rain will have to be represented with as much detail as
possible, so that, after the excavation of part of the topsoil,
connections can be made with the Underground phenomena
found.
The creation of a survey grid net in the field and its incor-
poration into the topographic plan. This is needed for the
preparation of the excavations as well as for the localization
(in the field and on the map) of the trenches and the grid
Squares to be excavated. On the basis of this plan the ar-
chaeologist himself will be able to compress the grid net and
to survey and record the archaeological structures and
discoveries without any further assistance of the topographic
surveyor.
The first task may be carried out by a surveyor with a
geographic background. Partly in dose collaboration with the
archaeologist he will select various phenomena in the field,
whether they are archaeological or not, he will possibly inter-
pret them and finally map them, having the prospective excava
tions in mind.
Partly because of a number of practical reasons, the second
task is usually separated from the first. However, during the
first phase it is advisable to select the survey points in such a
way that they may also be used for the construction of a Square
grid afterwards. In this article much attention is paid to some
simple construction methods, illustrated by various figures (e.g.
Figures 6 and 7).
R. Groot - Integrated topographic mapping: an old concept in
a new technological environment
Integrated topographic mapping is the bringing together of
various data sources, processing the data with the correct com-
bination of techniques, and producing a topographic map that
meets certain well-defined user requirements.
This paper explains that this is an old concept practised in
Canadian topographic mapping in the last part of the 19th and
the beginning of the 20th Century. However, the great demand
for topographic maps in the years 1910-1950 could only be
answered by a far-reaching specialization in techniques like
surveying, photogrammetry, cartography and reproduction,
coupled with a high level of standardization of topographic pro-
ducts, mainly based on specifications for military use. Now, re-
cent technological developmentsbased on the combination of
Computer, telecommunication and process-technology, re-create
the possibility of integrated production, conforming to specific
aims. This demands a review of the definition of Standard pro-
ducts of national topographic Services, of the role of these Ser
vices and of the relationship between these Services and their
clients.
In addition, in the light of these developments, it becomes
necessary to re-interpret the nature of the photogrammetric,
surveying and cartographic professions.
R.M. Haubourdin - Jan Blanken's cartography for water
management purposes (1798-1838)
In 1775 Jan Blanken started his career with the Ministry of
Public Water Management as an ordinary craftsman. His car
tographic activities started with the mapping of the estuaries for
military (naval) purposes, carried out in the period between
1780 and 1794. These estuaries were particularly important in
the military defence of Holland against England and France.
After the revolution in 1795 Blanken stayed in office. The cen-
tralization of administration by the republicans and the French
enabled him to make a career in the Corps of Civil Engineers,
founded in 1798 for public water management. The civil
engineers prepared new maps of the rivers and waterways, at
the same time as and in correspondence with the new
topographic and hydrographic mapping activities carried out in
Holland by the army and navy.
In 1808 he became chief civil engineer (Inspector-General) and
kept that position until 1827. During the twenty years in which
Blanken served King Louis Bonaparte, the French Empire and
King William 1 he developed many major hydraulic works.
These works led to the emergence of a new kind of cartography,
characterized by the metric scale and a more uniform design.
Startdardized mapping procedures became more usual in plan-
ning and engineering, until printing techniques were introduced
after 1830. Blanken's maps for water management purposes from
the period between 1798 and 1830 never received much attention
in the (historical) cartographic literature, as they were never
published and the manuscript maps were stored in the Ministry's
archives. Only shortly before his death in 1838 was one map
drawn by Blanken published with an account of his hydraulic
works.
M.J.H. Hoenjet and PJ. Mouwes - Editorial and thematic-
cartographic aspects of the Archaeological Map of the
Netherlands
The Archaeological Map of the Netherlands is a map series at
scale 1:100,000, published by the State Archaeological Service
(ROB) in Amersfoort. Up to 1981 maps in the series were com-
piled in an ad hoc fashion: the Contents, study area, symboliza-
tion and sheet layout were lefit to the discretion of the individual
authors. In 1981 an attempt was made to startdardize certain
aspects: lay-out, colours and topographic base map.
Maps were compiled for dijferent relevant archaeological
periods for every study area. The resulting map sheets merely
indicated the location of sites. No attempts were made to
reconstruct the landscape or the pattem of human settlement.
In 1985 work started on the sheet Holland's Noorderkwartier
Anno 1350. This sheet is enclosed in this issue of the Kar-
tografisch Tijdschrift. As the local Polder Board had an interest
in its publication, this time both geological and human elements
70
KT 1988. XIV. 3
