summaries
A. Brown and P.W.M. Schokker - The design and production
of an offset printed colour chart for use with a graphic art-
work program on the Macintosh II microcomputer
High resolution graphic artwork Software with a very large
choice of colours is becoming available for microcomputers.
Cartographers wishing to use this Software may find it
difficult to choose from this large ränge, especially when the
map is to be printed and not simply viewed on the monitor.
Many factors, technical and perceptual, influence the final
printed colours. This paper describes a relatively simple tech-
nique, based on measurement using a densitometer, by which
colours selected from the Munsell Color System can be
duplicated using the Adobe Illustrator 88 Software on a
Macintosh II microcomputer. These colours can then be
printed in one or more colour Charts aimed at structuring the
colour choice for maps.
In August 1989, this paper was presented at the 14th interna
tional Conference of the ica, held in Budapest, Hungary.
P.G.M. Mekenkamp - A geometric communication format
for cartographic data interchange
The metric face of the Barth has been described in many
ways. Projections are available for many purposes, but a lan-
guage for handling this complex theory has never been de-
veloped.
In the field of cartography there is growing pressure to pay
close attention to more systematic use of projection methods
for several purposes. There is also a growing need for rules
concerning more efficient exchange of geometric data from
map documents.
This article explores the possibility of describing every
projection of the Earth 's surface utilizing just a few
Parameters: a geometric communication format.
In most cartographic Software packages there is only an Op
tion for fifteen projections at maximum.
When Ptolemaeus, as one of the first geographers, started to
identify points on our planet through a network of longitude
and latitude lines, superimposed on the Earth 's surface, he
gave the world a face. This geometric face, however, is not
flexible enough for present-day world data display.
His definitions of location and direction are correlated to the
magnetic pole and the rotation axis of the Earth and the idea
that the developed world is on the upper side.
The Integrated Projection Design System (ipds) - a Computer
program developed at the University of Utrecht - offers the
map designer a maximum choice of projections, using just a
few projections with no limitations on aspect in relation to
the Earth.
It is based on two steps:
1. What is the extent of the area to be mapped?
2. What is the purpose of the map?
Three alternatives are available for answering the first ques-
tion: one-point areas, two-points areas and three-points
areas. The System then calculates the projection aspect and
extent.
The choice for conformality, equivalency or equidistance
(question two) is implemented in this Software by only a few
formulae.
Recording this procedure and chosen formulae in Standard
Parameters, would indicate that the projection of every map
is very much related to its purpose. Another and even more
important advantage of standardization is that the two-
dimensional geometry of every map being used for exchange
in Geographica! Information Systems, could be calculated,
after digitization, to digital spatial data.
Applying the concept gives cartography a new practical In
strument for optimizing geometric communication.
In August 1989, this paper was presented at the 14th interna
tional Conference of the ica, held in Budapest, Hungary.
J.C. Müller - Theoretical considerations for computer-
assisted generalization
Only the most simplistic forms of automated generalization
are now available, based on primitive functions such as sim-
plification and selection. The Solutions are mostly algorith-
mic and are limited to geometric transformations only. They
can be operationally applied for a limited ränge of scale
reduction. Alternative Solutions are discussed, based on geo
graphicaI meaning, map purpose and user's needs, and which
involve the füll array of procedural tools, including Classifica
tion and symbolization. A catastrophic approach to generali
zation is proposed, derived from the notion that geometric
transformations lead the way to sudden conceptual transfor
mations. The implications of such an approach for the de-
velopment of scale independent databases are discussed.
In August 1989, this paper was presented at the 14th interna
tional cartographic Conference of the ica, held in Budapest,
Hungary.
P.W.M. Schokker - Electronic Publishing in a GIS en-
vironment
This article describes the use of Electronic Publishing (EP)
techniques, for the production of printed maps in a gis en-
vironment. The core of the article is formed by the descrip-
tion of the experiences with a production line, set up with
Arc/Info and Illustrator (Macintosh Version). To a car-
tographer, the use of Electronic Publishing techniques has
quite some advantages. In the first place, EP-software offers
good map design tools. Secondly, the control over the final
appearance of the printed map is large. However, the biggest
advantage is that production costs and production time, for
74
KT 1989.XV.3
