summaries
K. Berendsen - Cartographers and their Copyright
Cartographers are producers of pieces of work which in prin-
ciple have the protection of the Netheriands Copyright Law
and the International Copyright Conventions which are im-
plemented by The Netherlands.
Copyright is for cartographers an important instrument to
effectuate revenues in case their work is re-used, and also to
resist the misuse of their work.
Article I of the Netherlands Copyright Law defines that the
producer of a piece of work has the sole right to publish and
to multiply that work. Only he has that right, any other per-
son may only publish the work after explicit permission of
the author (i.e. the cartographer). However, in practice it is
much more complicated.
For the producers of work which fall under the Copyright
Law the bureau of the Foundation 'Beeidrecht' deals with
publishers of books, periodicals, posters, etc. concerning the
conditions governing permission for reproduetion of those
works.
'Beeidrecht' represents painters, sculptors, graphic and indus-
trial designers and cartographers both in The Netherlands
and abroad and forms together with sister organisations - as
well as organisations in the field of literature and music - the
Confederation Internationale des Auteurs et des Com-
positeurs (CISAC) in Paris. The advantage of a bureau such
as 'Beeidrecht' is that it can be a counterbalance to the seif
evident resistance which sometimes exists against paying
Copyright fees. In case of infringement of the Copyright of an
author registered with 'Beeidrecht' (e.g. a cartographer),
'Beeidrecht' tries to come to an agreement or will if neces-
sary Start legal action.
P.B. Hugenholtz - Copyright protection of cartographic In
formation
The question whether cartographic Information is Copyright
protected is not new. For many years map makers have com-
plained about piraey and plagiarism. At first sight the Copy
right law offers the cartographer sufficient juridical protec
tion against such practices. The Netherlands' Copyright law,
as also in most other countries, mentions explicitly 'geo-
graphic maps' as protected 'works of literature, science and
art'.
However, further investigation reveals that the protection of
cartographic information - and especially the source topo-
graphic data - is extremely weak. The widespread introduc-
tion of new information dissemination techniques has made
information remarkably vulnerable. Not only is the illicit
reproduetion of someone eise's information nowadays child's
play but the manipulation of the original data with the help
of powerful Computers seriously hampers detection. More-
over cartographic design is becoming increasingly automated
by application of CAD-systems. The economic value of car
tographic information is more and more dependent on topo-
graphic data 'hiddenin the final produet.
Copyright protection of topographic and cartographic infor
mation has regrettably not kept pace with these develop-
ments. According to an old Copyright rule Copyright only
protects the form and not the Contents of a work. It is how
ever exactly the Contents of cartographic work, the source
topographic data which, more urgently require adequate ju
ridical protection. To cover this gap one could consider, as
with the Anglo-American Copyright laws, enlarging Copyright
in such a way that also produets of 'blood, sweat and tears'
will be protected. An alternative would be specific legislation
to protect data sets.
P. Mijksenaar - Minimum requirements of canvassing maps
Canvassing maps are a marketing tool for their publishers.
Cartography should be integrated with, among other things,
graphic design and marketing, on the basis of a careful defi-
nition of purpose and use and an editorial plan which fixes
the selection of information. In this respect, The Netherlands
stay behind, whereas there are numerous international exam-
ples which could serve as source of Inspiration. Some of
these examples even have already a long tradition.
M.A. Damoiseaux, C.A. de Kuyper M.G. Vroom - The
Wadatlas
In 81 maps the Wadatlas provides information on various
aspects of the Waddenzee (the Dutch Shallows), such as tidal
movement, plants and animals, navigation, recreation and
management, but also on the pollution of water, soil and at-
mosphere. The atlas is produced by the Rijkswaterstaat
(Ministry of Transport and Public Works) and is primarily
intended for use by official managers and decision makers.
In this article, which is accompanied by a multicoloured en-
closure, a detailed description is given of the compilation
and produetion of the atlas.
The atlas is A4 format. All the maps have a uniform layout,
including their own explanation. The Contents are derived
from various existing and more detailed source materials.
The atlas was originally intended to be published in black
and white, but comments of potential users on a provisional
edition led to a decision to produce it in colour. The final
produetion work was done with the FreeHand graphic Soft
ware package on an Apple Macintosh Computer.
KT 1990.XVI.1
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