graphic Information is becoming more and more im-
portant.
Finally we can raise the question: who uses what? This ques-
tion is used as a Start for new research into the use of topo-
graphic information.
J.J.C. Krijnders - Topographie mapping in Western Europe
In Europe at this moment a process is occurring of ever
closer mutual dependence of the various countries in many
fields. This process leads to various parties having an interest
in more uniform information about the topography of these
countries. New and changed applications not require only
other contents of the topographic maps, but also make other
and higher demands on their accuracy, up-to-dateness and
reliability.
This article discusses the characteristics of the Organisation of
topographic map agencies, the revision, contents and generali-
zation of topographic maps, and the developments in the
field of Computer-assisted produetion of topographic infor
mation. It is concluded that there is still no question of the
Europeanization of topographic mapping.
G.L. Weerd - Use of military maps
This article gives a review of the maps which are in use by
the armed forces. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) has made agreements about the map series to be
used. These agreements concern among other things scale,
sheet line divisions and contents of maps and are called Stan
dard agreements (Stanags).
The NATO map series numbering System is discussed and il-
lustrated by examples of world and regional map series.
Apart from topographic maps, the armed forces need themat-
ic maps, and four examples of military thematic map series
are included in this article.
Finally the increasing importance of digital geographic infor
mation is examined.
E. Kolk - The development of digital geographic information
Systems for military applications
This article discusses various aspects which play a role in
building up a digital data base for military applications. A
survey is given of the developments which lead to a geo
graphic information system, at home and abroad. In The
Netherlands the Topographic Service has started on a new
challenge, namely the building up, the management and the
updating of geographic data bases. The international ex-
change of data bases will be guaranteed by the DIGEST for-
mat. In The Netherlands and abroad a lot of thought is being
given to the need for geographic information in digital form.
The present-day applications and possible future applications
are discussed.
N.J. Bakker - New sheet numbers 64, 65, 67, 68 and 69; al
tered sheet lines
The sheet line system of the topographic map at 1:50,000 has
not essentially been changed over the last 140 years. The
sheet numbers 1-62 which were used for the Topographic and
Military Map of the Kingdom of The Netherlands and pub-
lished between 1850 and 1864, are still used, though for a
long time so-called half sheets have been published, an east
half and a west half. In 1989 some new sheets came into exis-
tence, namely the numbers 64, 65, 67, 68 and 69. In the
provinces of Zuid-Limburg and Zeeland the sheet line system
has been changed, so that less foreign territory and sea area
will be included on the maps. Also the sheet line system of
the series 1:25,000 and 1:10,000, which are derived from the
1:50,000 will be changed correspondingly. However, the new
sheet numbers will not apply immediately but only as and
when new sheets are published in this area.
G.G. Evers - The map series at 1:250,000
One of the Standard produets of the Topographic Service is
the map series at 1:250,000. The Netherlands produces six
map sheets of this international military series, of which a
civil edition has also been published since 1962. The basic in
formation of the current series is stored in a digital data base.
The JOG 1501 versions Ground and Air as well as the Mili
tary and Civil Road Map are compiled from the database.
The article reviews the creation of the 1:250,000 series, the
produetion methods, and the military and civil editions which
have been published since 1962.
N.J. Bakker - Atlases on the rise
Talking about atlas produetion one would not in the first
place think about the Topographic Service. Yet most of the
Dutch atlases published in recent years contain map informa
tion which recently or a long time ago has been compiled by
the Topographic Service.
The article gives a review of the atlases which in the last four
years have come on the market. These are De Grote
Topografische Atlas (The Farge Topographic Atlas) at
1:50,000, Provincie Atlassen (Provincial Atlases) at 1:25,000
and a recently started series of aerial photo atlases. Moreover
atlases are published with faesimile topographic maps from
the beginning of this Century: Historische Provincie-atlassen
(Historical Provincial Atlases) at 1:25,000. In the autumn of
1990 a faesimile atlas of the fair drawings of the first topo
graphic map series scale at 1:50,000 dating from the period
1836-1856 will be published.
Furthermore the article pays attention to the Wetenschap-
pelijke Atlas (National Atlas) of The Netherlands and some
atlases based on black and white topographic maps.
The most recent produet is the ANWB Wateratlas (Dutch Au
tomobile Association Sailing Atlas) of the province of
Groningen and North-Friesland.
Ir A.J. Kers and A. Brown
106
KT 1990.XVI.3
