summaries
D.R.F. Taylor - A conceptual basis for cartography: new
directions for the Information era
This article is a translation of the author's keynote presenta-
tion at the 15th International Conference and 9th General As-
sembly of the ICA, held in Bournemouth, UK (23 Septem
ber-! October 1991). It contains the views of the ICA
President on the issues which should determine the new direc
tions for the cartographic discipline. Although technology, es-
pecially Computer technology, will continue to be important
to cartography, it must not be allowed to dominate. For the
necessary conceptual and theoretical development of the dis
cipline process and products need to be considered as well
and, therefore, equal emphasis must be given to Cognition,
communication and new Computer technologies. Cognition
and communication are not new concepts for cartography,
but they have taken on a new significance in the information
era. The emerging field of visualization is an interesting ex-
ample of how the aspects of Cognition, communication and
new Computer technologies can be combined. Visualization
requires the use of the latest Computer technology, whereas at
the same time it offers a Visual method of understanding
complex relationships (Cognition) while communicating in
new ways to the viewer the reality of the topics considered on
the screen.
Ze-shen Wang A. Brown - A knowledge-based system for
selection of area colours for maps from a colour chart
Non-cartographers are making increasing use of microcom-
puter Software packages to produce their own maps. Some of
these packages allow a choice of millions of colours, often
with no guidance to the user. Even where cartographic and
digital image processing packages do provide default colours,
these colours often do not follow accepted principles of car
tographic design. This paper describes current research being
undertaken at ITC to develop an expert system, using the
Prolog language, for colour selection from a colour chart for
thematic maps mainly using area Symbols. The system is
designed to be used either for conventional map production
or for computerised Systems producing PostScript film Output
on an imagesetter.
This article is a translation of a paper which has been
presented at the I5th Conference of the International Carto
graphic Association, held in Bournemouth, England (23
September-1 October 1991).
C.P.J.M. van Elzakker - Map use research and computer-
assisted Statistical cartography
The main message of this paper is that a revival of map use
and map design research is very much needed in these days
of GIS and cartographic expert Systems, in order to increase
the efficiency of these very Systems. Perhaps the best and
most immediate result is to be expected in the field of
computer-assisted Statistical mapping. This conclusion is de-
rived from a short analysis of this particular part of thematic
cartography and of the broad developments in map use
research which have taken place so far. Some recommenda-
tions for the nature of desirable future research are included.
This article is a translation of a paper which has been
presented at the 15th Conference of the International Carto
graphic Association, held in Bournemouth, England (23
September-1 October 1991).
M.J. Kraak - The cartographic functionality of a three-
dimensional GIS
Including the third dimension in spatial analysis processes
can be seen as one of the GIS trends of the nineties. This
also requires a sophisticated presentation of the results. How-
ever, in relation to GIS, no available knowledge or experience
supporting the definition of the required cartographic func
tionality is known. In this paper a minimum cartographic
functionality for a 3D environment is proposed. It not only
includes a description of functions categorized in groups such
as Utilities, design, modelling and display, but also suggests
how to use them in the 3D mapping process.
This article is a translation of a paper which has been
presented at the 15th Conference of the International Carto
graphic Association, held in Bournemouth, England (23
September-1 October 1991).
J.C. Müller - Building knowledge tanks for rule based
generalization
Past and current efforts to automate the process of map
generalization are reviewed. It is argued that the Community
of researchers is moving from a purely geometrical and proce
dura! approach to conceptual, rule based and object oriented
methods. The second part of this paper reports on efforts to
acquire and represent knowledge related to cartographic
generalization in two concurrent projects. The first project re-
lates to the acquisition of production rules for generalization
from Dutch national topographic guidelines. The second
project represents a systematic effort to build a knowledge
tank for generalization based on the Observation of
topographicmap series at locations in France and Germany.
This article is a translation of a paper which has been
presented at the 15th Conference of the International Carto
graphic Association, held in Bournemouth, England (23
September-1 October 1991).
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KT 1991.XVII.4
