summaries
A.J. Kerr - The International Hydrographie Organisation; new
trends in its programs
Keywords: map produetion; hydrographic cartography; survey
Founded as International Hydrographic Bureau in 1921, the
International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO) in Monaco is an
intergovernmental Organisation aiming at coordination ofthe
activities of national hydrographic Services, at standardizing
charts and improving hydrographic surveys.
In order to further these objects, it has a programme on the pro
duetion of the General Bathymetric Chart ofthe Oceans
(GEBCO), which is now also made available digitally on CD-
ROM, and of affiliated regional Bathymetric charts, and a Pro
gramme on standardizing charts. In this respect it coordinates
publication of thejoint INTemational Chart Series. As charts are
also available in digital form, it also stimulates the standardisa-
tion of guidelines for the Electronic Chart Display and Informa
tion System (ECDIS), and for the databases andformats that are
neededfor it. Every IHO member State will in future make availa
ble hydrographic data according to the S-57 Standard. A third
project is the diffusion of radionavigational wamings for mari
ners.
Finally it distributes news to member states on new technological
developments, such as GPS, acoustic multi-beam Systems and air-
bome laser soundingg Systems which improve the survey ofthe
seabed. Finally, ait Sponsors or monitors hydrographic courses,
through its Standards of competence for hydrographic surveyors.
on the protection against flooding. This is done by building dikes
and surge barriers and also by re-enforcement of natural beaches
and dunes. In the sixties and seventies this task was extended to
the protection of water quality and the natural coastal environ-
ment. Finally this resulted in the concept of integral water
management: the multifunctional and sustained use ofthe water,
in close relation with the foreshore and the species living in it.
Tofacilitate coastal zone management the Rijkswaterstaat produ-
ces manv maps and atlases. Examples given are: the coastal map
(667 sheets on scale 1:2000), coastline maps, Vegetation maps,
geomorphological map ofthe North Sea, Wadden Atlas, North Sea
Atlas and many small maps for official publications on water
management. Düring the last fifteen years automation has been
introduced, which firstly led to a faster produetion process and
also to improved use of colours. The traditional maps and atlases
were partly intended for use by specialists within the Rijkswater
staat organizations for actual control, partly for managers and
policy-makers and partly for the general public.
In 1988 thefirst GIS was introduced and it took quite some time to
integrate this with mapmaking and remote sensing. The introduc-
tion of GIS for management purposes is often done through pilot-
projects, like WADGIS, KUSTGIS and SHOMAN. The latter being
also a first step into multimedia.
It is expected that GIS, in combination with remote sensing, will
be of increasing importance for coastal zone management. To
handle the growing need for geo-referenced data, emphasis will
be laid on meta-information management.
K.W. Witteveen - Characteristics of nautical cartography
Keywords: map produetion; hydrographic cartography; back-
ground
The article Starts with an overview ofthe tasks performed by the
Hydrographic Service ofthe Royal Navy, and then continues by
focussing on the nautical charts produced by this Organisation.
The history ofthe charts and the steps in their produetion are
dealt with. Finally, attention is paid to typical aspects of nautical
cartography, such as the fact that the topography represented in
nautical charts is continuously changing and not visible, and the
responsibility ofthe cartographers for the Information presented.
M.A. Damoiseaux Tj. van Heuvel - From maps and atlases to
GIS and multimedia for coastal zone management
A.J. Laiesse - Automation at the Hydrographic Service of the
Royal Navy
Keywords: map produetion; hydrographic cartography; applica-
tions
Automation at the Hydrographic Service started more than two
decades ago. At that time, it mainly involved the collection and
processing of hydrographic data, and not the automated produe
tion of nautical charts. Nowadays developments are going
towards fully automated produetion of charts and other publica
tions necessary for safe navigation. The Service further contribu-
tes to the international development of an electronic navigation
System and is working on an Information System from which other
digital produets can be derived. These developments have their
implications: a planned reorganisation should prepare the Service
for the tasks ahead.
Keywords: GIS/LIS; official cartography; background
The management ofthe coast and the adjoining sea is a main con-
cem ofthe Rijkswaterstaat (Directorate-Generalfor Public Works
and Water Management). From early times the emphasis was laid
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