KARTOGRAFISCH TIJDSCHRIFT 2OO3-XXIX-4 ken, met nadruk op een visualisacieomgeving met gekoppelde vensters. Er blijven echter nog veel onduidelijkheden. Vragen als: 'Hoeveel van deze gekoppelde vensters kan de gebruiker verwerken?' 'Begrijpt de gebruiker de kubus nog wel als er meerdere ruimte-tijd-paden zijn afgebeeld?' 'Hoe moet de in- terface eruit zien?' De meeste van deze vragen hebben alles van doen met bruikbaarheidonderzoek, dat overigens in de nabije toekomst uitgevoerd zal gaan worden. Daarnaast moet men zieh realiseren dat de kubus niet de oplossing is voor de visu- alisatie van alle ruimte-djd problemen. Literatuur Andrienko, N., G.L. Andrienko P. Gatalsky (2003), Visual data exploration using space-time eube, in 2ist Interna tional Cartographic Conference. Durban, South Africa, pp. 1981-1982. Card, S.K., J.D. MacKinlay B. Shneiderman (1999), Readings in information visualization: using vision to think. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann. Dykes, J.A. D. M. Mountain (2003), Seeking strueture in records of spatio-temporal behaviour: visualization issues, efforts and applications: Computational Statistics and Data Analysis (Data Viz II). Computational Statistics dr Data Ana- lysis, vol. 43-4, pp. 581-603. Finke, R.A., T.B. Ward S.M. Smith (1992), Creative Cognition: Tbeory, Research, and Applications. Cambridge, Mass: The mit Press. Forer, P. (1998), Geometrie approaches to the nexus of time, space, and microprocess: implementing a practical model for mundane socio-spatial Systems. In: (Eds) Egenhofer, M.J. R.G. Gollege. Spatial and temporal reasoning in geographic information Systems. Spatial Information Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Forer, P. Fluisman (1998), Computational agents and Ur ban life Spaces: a preliminary realisation of the time-geography of Student lifestyles. In: Third International Conference on Geo- Computation. Bristol. Hägerstrand, T. (1970), What about people in Regional Science? Papers, Regional Science Association, pp. 7-21. Hägerstrand, T. (1982), Diorama, path and project. Tijd- schrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, pp. 323-339. Hearnshaw, H.M. D.J. Unwin (1994), Visualization in Geographical Information System. J. Wiley Sons, London. Hedley, N.R., C.H. Drew A. Lee (1999), Hagerstrand Revisited: Interactive Space-Time Visualizations of Complex Spatial Data. Informatica: International Journal of Computing andInformaticsnr. 2, pp. 155-168. Hornsby, K. M.J. Egenhofer (2002), Modeling Moving Objects over Multiple Granularities. Annais of Mathematics andArtificialIntelligence, nr. 1-2, pp. 177-194. Jongh, C. de (2003), Mapping a cartographic Conference: the experimental spatialzation of non-spatial information. In: Proceedings 21 st International Cartographic Conference. Durban, South Arfrica, pp. 2129-2132. Keller, P.R. M.M. Keller (1992), Visual cues, practical data visualization. Piscataway: ieee Press. Kwan, M.-P. (1998), Space-time and integral measures of individual accessibility: A comparative analysis using a point- based framework. Geographical Analysis, nr. 3, pp. 191-216. Kwan, M.-P. (1999), Gender, the home-work link, and space-time patterns of nonemployment activities. Economic Geography, nr. 4, pp. 370-394. Labaume, E. (2002), 1812 through fire and ice with Napoleon. Solihull: Heiion Company. Lenntorp, B. (1976), Paths in space time environments: a time geographic study of movement possibilities of indivi- duals. Lund studies in Geography B: Human geography. MacEachren, A.M. M.J. Kraak (2001), Research challenges in geovisualization. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, nr. 1, pp. 3-12. MacEachren, A.M. D.R.F. Taylor (1994), Visualization in Modem Cartography. Pergamon Press, London. McCormick, B., T.A. DeFanti M.D. Brown (1987), Visualization in Scientific Computing. Computer Graphics, nr. 6. Miller, H.J. (1991), Modelling accessibility using space-time prism concepts within geographical information Systems. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, nr. 3, pp. 287-301. Miller, H.J. (1999), Measuring space-time accessibility benefits within transportation networks: basic theory and computational procedures. Geographical Analysis, nr. 2, pp. 187-212. Miller, H.J. (2002), What about people in geographic infor mation science? In: Unwin, D. (Ed), Re-Presenting Geo graphie Information Systems. Wiley. Monmonier, M. (2002), Spyingwith maps. Chicago: Univer sity of Chicago Press. Mountain, D. (2004), Visualizing, querying and summarizing individual spatio-temporal behaviour. In: Dykes, J., A.M. MacEachren M.J. Kraak (Eds), Exploring Geovisualization. London: Elsevier. Mountain, D.M. J.F. Raper (2001), Modelling human spatio-temporal behaviour: a challenge for locadon-based services. In: GeoComputation. Brisbane. Pred, A. (1977), The choreography of existence: Comments on Hagerstrand's time-geography and its usefulness. Econo mic Geography, pp. 207-221. Roth, S.F., M.C. Chuah, S. Kerpedjiev, J.A. Kolojejchick P. Lucas (1997), Towards an Information Visualization Workspace: Combining Multiple Means of Expression. Human-Computer Interaction Journal, nr. 1 2, pp. 131-185. Summary M.-J. Kraak De ruimte-tijd-kubus bekeken vanuit het perspectief van de geovisualisatie Keywords: theoretical cartography, visualisation, research At the end of the sixties Hägerstrand introduced a space-time model which included features such as a Space-Time-Path and a Space-Time-Prism. His model is often seen as the Start of the time-geography studies. Throughout the years his model has been applied and improved to understand our movements through space. Problems studied can be found in dijferent fields of geography, and ränge from those on an individual movement to whole theories to optimize transportation. From a visualization perspective the Space-Time-Cube was the mostprominent element in Hagerstrand's approach. In its basic appearance it consists of a eube with on its base a representation of geography (along the x- and y-axis), while the cube's height represents time (z-axis). However, when the concept was introduced the options to create the graphics were limited to manual methods and the user could only experience the single view created by the draftsperson. Today's Software has options to automatically create the eube and its 51

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